Pull request 2390: 7588-fix-old-docker

Updates #7588.

Squashed commit of the following:

commit 9add0323ad9fa4ce98a114dd43aa21ec6940ce11
Author: Ainar Garipov <A.Garipov@AdGuard.COM>
Date:   Thu Apr 10 20:11:39 2025 +0300

    all: fix old docker buildx

bamboo-specs/release.yaml

@@ -157,6 +157,7 @@
 
                 # Print Docker info.
                 docker info
+                docker buildx version
 
                 # Prepare and push the build.
                 env \

scripts/make/build-docker.sh

@@ -117,7 +117,6 @@ $sudo_cmd docker "$debug_flags" \
 	--build-arg DIST_DIR="$dist_dir" \
 	--build-arg VCS_REF="$commit" \
 	--build-arg VERSION="$version" \
-	--debug \
 	--output "$docker_output" \
 	--platform "$docker_platforms" \
 	--progress 'plain' \